5 REM ****   BASIC KEYWORDS   ****
10 REM **   BY STEVE WERKMAN   **
15 REM **   424 E. SECOND ST.  **
20 REM **  PERRYSBURG,OH 43551 **
25 REM **************************
26 REM **       REFERENCES     **
27 REM ** COMMODORE 64 PROGRAMMER'S REFERENCE GUIDE
28 REM ** COMMODORE BUSINESS MACHINES INC & HOWARD W. SAMS & CO. INC.
29 REM ** YOUR COMMODORE 64 - JOHN HEILBORN & RON TALBOTT
30 REM ** OSBORNE/MCGRAW -HILL
35 PRINT"[147]"
40 PRINTTAB(14)"[158][169]  [223][146]  [169]  [146]"
42 PRINTTAB(14)" [146]    [169][146][169]  [146]"
44 PRINTTAB(14)" [146][183][183] [146][169]    [146]"
46 PRINTTAB(14)"[223]  [146][169]     [146] "
47 PRINTTAB(17)"BASIC":PRINTTAB(13)"BASIC KEYWORDS"
48 PRINTTAB(12)"BY STEVE WERKMAN"
50 FOR I=1 TO 4000:NEXT I
80 POKE53281,1:POKE53280,14
90 K$="PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE"
91 S$="SELECT NUMBER FOR EXPLANATION"
92 F$="PRESS F1 FOR NEXT MENU"
93 B$="PRESS F7 FOR PREVIOUS MENU"
95 PRINT "[147][154]"
100 PRINTTAB(5)"[144]BASIC COMMANDS. (COMMAND MODE)"
110 PRINTTAB(15)"1.- CONT[157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157]2.- LIST"
120 PRINTTAB(15)"3.- LOAD[157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157]4.- NEW[157][157][157][157][157][157][157]5.- RUN"
130 PRINTTAB(15)"6.- SAVE[157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157]7.- VERIFY"
140 PRINT""S$
145 PRINT""F$
146 GET A$:IF A$=""THEN146
150 IF A$="[133]"THEN200
151 A=VAL(A$)
152 ON A GOTO 1010,1020,1030,1040,1050,1060,1070
158 IF A<1 OR A>7 THEN 146
200 PRINTCHR$(147)
210 PRINTTAB(9)"PROGRAM CONTROLLERS"
220 PRINTTAB(12)"1.- END[157][157][157][157][157][157][157]2.- FOR..NEXT[157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157]3.- GOSUB..RETURN"
230 PRINTTAB(12)"4.- IF..THEN[157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157]5.- GOTO[157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157]6.- ON..GOTO"
240 PRINTTAB(12)"7.- ON GO..SUB[157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157]8.- STOP"
241 PRINTS$
242 PRINTB$
245 PRINTF$
246 GET A$:IF A$=""THEN246
249 IF A$="[133]"THEN300
250 IF A$="[136]"THEN95
251 A=VAL(A$)
252 ON A GOTO 2010,2020,2030,2040,2051,2060,2070,2080
260 IF A<1ORA>8THEN246
300 PRINTCHR$(147)
310 PRINTTAB(5)"KEYBOARD & SCREEN CONTROLLERS"
320 PRINTTAB(12)"1.- GET[157][157][157][157][157][157][157]2.- INPUT[157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157]3.- POS[157][157][157][157][157][157][157]4.- PRINT"
330 PRINTTAB(12)"5.- SPC[157][157][157][157][157][157][157]6.- TAB"
340 PRINT:PRINT
341 PRINTS$
342 PRINTB$
345 PRINTF$
346 GET A$:IF A$=""THEN 346
349 IF A$="[133]"THEN400
350 IF A$="[136]"THEN 200
355 A=VAL(A$)
356 ON A GOTO3010,3020,3030,3040,3050,3060
357 IF A<1ORA>6 THEN 346
400 PRINTCHR$(147)
410 PRINTTAB(10)"ARITHMETIC FUNCTIONS"
420 PRINTTAB(3)"1.- ABS       5.- EXP    9.- SGN"
425 PRINTTAB(3)"[136]2.- ATN       6.- INT    A.- SIN"
430 PRINTTAB(3)"3.- COS       7.- LOG    B.- SQR"
435 PRINTTAB(3)"4.- DEF FN    8.- RND    C.- TAN"
440 PRINTTAB(7)" D.- TI (TIME)   E.- VAL"
441 PRINTTAB(6)"SELECT NUMBER OR LETTER FOR                      EXPLANATION"
442 PRINTF$
443 PRINTB$
446 GETA$:IFA$=""THEN446
449 IFA$="[133]"THEN500
450 IF A$="[136]"THEN300
451 A=VAL(A$)
455 ON A GOTO 4010,4020,4030,4040,4050,4060,4070,4080,4090
456 IF A$="A"THEN4100
457 IF A$="B"THEN4110
458 IF A$="C"THEN4120
459 IF A$="D"THEN4130
460 IF A$="E"THEN4140
500 PRINTCHR$(147)
510 PRINTTAB(8)"FILE AND DEVICE HANDLING":PRINTTAB(15)"1.- CLOSE"
520 PRINTTAB(15)"2.- CMD":PRINTTAB(15)"3.- GET#":PRINTTAB(15)"4.- INPUT#"
530 PRINTTAB(15)"5.- OPEN":PRINTTAB(15)"6.- PRINT#"
540 PRINTTAB(15)"7.- STATUS"
541 PRINTS$
542 PRINTB$
543 PRINTF$
546 GET A$:IFA$=""THEN546
549 IF A$="[133]"THEN600
550 IF A$="[136]"THEN400
551 A=VAL(A$)
552 ON A GOTO 5010,5020,5030,5040,5050,5060,5070
560 IF A<1OR A>7THEN546
600 PRINTCHR$(147)
610 PRINTTAB(10)"ARRAY AND VARIABLE":PRINTTAB(13)"MANIPULATION":PRINTTAB(14)"1.- CLR"
620 PRINTTAB(14)"2.- DATA":PRINTTAB(14)"3.- DIM":PRINTTAB(14)"4.- FRE"
630 PRINTTAB(14)"5.- LET":PRINTTAB(14)"6.- READ":PRINTTAB(14)"7.- RESTORE"
641 PRINTS$
642 PRINTB$
643 PRINTF$
646 GET A$:IF A$=""THEN646
649 IFA$="[133]"THEN700
650 IFA$="[136]"THEN500
651 A =VAL(A$)
652 ONA GOTO 6010,6020,6030,6040,6050,6060,6070
660 IF A<1ORA>7THEN646
700 PRINTCHR$(147)
710 PRINTTAB(12)"STRING FUNCTIONS"
720 PRINTTAB(14)"1.- ASC":PRINTTAB(14)"2.- CHR$":PRINTTAB(14)"3.- LEFT$"
730 PRINTTAB(14)"4.- LEN":PRINTTAB(14)"5.- MID$":PRINTTAB(14)"6.- RIGHT$"
740 PRINTTAB(14)"7.- STR$":PRINTTAB(14)"8.- TIME$"
741 PRINTS$
742 PRINTB$
743 PRINTF$
746 GET A$:IFA$=""THEN746
749 IF A$="[133]"THEN800
750 IF A$="[136]"THEN600
751 A=VAL(A$)
752 ON A GOTO 7010,7020,7030,7040,7050,7060,7070,7080
760 IF A<1ORA>8THEN746
800 PRINTCHR$(147)
810 PRINTTAB(12)"MACHINE LANGUAGE":PRINTTAB(15)"INTERFACE"
820 PRINTTAB(14)"1.- PEEK":PRINTTAB(14)"2.- POKE"
830 PRINTTAB(14)"3.- SYS":PRINTTAB(14)"4.- USR"
841 PRINTS$
842 PRINTF$
843 PRINTB$
846 GETA$:IFA$=""THEN846
849 IF A$="[133]"THEN900
850 IF A$="[136]"THEN700
851 A=VAL(A$)
852 ON A GOTO 8010,8020,8030,8040
860 IF A<1 OR A>4THEN846
900 PRINTCHR$(147)
910 PRINTTAB(8)"MISCELLANEOUS STATEMENTS"
920 PRINTTAB(14)"1.- REM":PRINTTAB(14)"2.- WAIT"
943 PRINT""B$
944 PRINT"PRESS Q TO QUIT"
946 GETA$:IFA$=""THEN946
949 IF A$="[136]"THEN800
950 IF A$="Q"ORA$="[133]" THEN 10000
951 A=VAL(A$)
952 ON A GOTO 9010,9020
1010 PRINTCHR$(147):PRINTTAB(18)"CONT"
1011 PRINTTAB(5)"IF A PROGRAM WAS HALTED BY A 'STOP'     OR 'END' STATEMENT-"
1012 PRINTTAB(5)"OR THE RUN/STOP KEY WAS PRESSED-"
1013 PRINTTAB(5)"THE PROGRAM WILL RE-START AT THE"
1014 PRINTTAB(5)"EXACT PLACE WHERE IT LEFT OFF."
1015 PRINTTAB(5)"STOP STATEMENTS ARE USED AS A           DEBUGGING TOOL"
1017 PRINTTAB(8)K$
1018 GETA$:IFA$=""THEN1018
1019 GOTO95
1020 PRINTCHR$(147):PRINTTAB(18)"LIST"
1021 PRINTTAB(5)"'LIST' WILL LIST ALL LINES IN A          PROGRAM."
1022 PRINTTAB(5)"'LIST 100-200' WILL LIST ALL             LINES FROM 100 TO 200."
1023 PRINTTAB(5)"'LIST 100' WILL LIST ONLY                LINE 100."
1024 PRINTTAB(5)"'LIST 100-' WILL LIST ALL LINES"
1025 PRINTTAB(6)"FROM 100 TO END OF PROGRAM."
1026 PRINTTAB(5)"'LIST -100' WILL LIST ALL LINES          FROM 0 TO 100."
1027 PRINTTAB(8)K$
1028 GETA$:IF A$=""THEN1028
1029 GOTO95
1030 PRINTCHR$(147):PRINTTAB(18)"LOAD"
1031 PRINTTAB(5)"FINDS & READS PROGRAM FROM TAPE         OR DISK"
1032 PRINTTAB(5)"LOAD  (THEN RETURN)- LOADS NEXT         PROGRAM ON TAPE"
1033 PRINTTAB(5)"LOAD ";CHR$(34);"PROGRAM";CHR$(34);"-LOADS PROG. FROM         TAPE"
1034 PRINTTAB(5)"LOAD";CHR$(34)"*";CHR$(34);"-LOADS FIRST PROGRAM ON DISK"
1035 PRINTTAB(5)"LOAD";CHR$(34)"PROGRAM";CHR$(34);" -LOADS ";CHR$(34);"PROGRAM";CHR$(34);
1036 PRINT"FROM      DISK"
1037 PRINTTAB(8)K$
1038 GET A$:IFA$=""THEN1038
1039 GOTO95
1040 PRINTCHR$(147):PRINTTAB(18)"NEW"
1041 PRINTTAB(5)"THE NEW COMMAND WILL DELETE THE         PROG. IN MEMORY"
1042 PRINTTAB(5)"NEW - WILL CLEAR ALL VARIABLES."
1043 PRINTTAB(5)"NEW - SHOULD BE USED BEFORE TYPING      IN ANY NEW PROGRAM."
1044 PRINTTAB(5)"NEW CAN BE USED IN A PROGRAM BUT        WILL ERASE ALL BEFORE."
1047 PRINTTAB(8)K$
1048 GET A$:IFA$=""THEN1048
1049 GOTO95
1050 PRINTCHR$(147):PRINTTAB(18)"RUN"
1051 PRINTTAB(5)"RUN WILL START THE PROGRAM IN MEM-      ORY:CLEARS VARIABLES"
1052 PRINTTAB(5)"RUN 100 PERFORMS CLR AND STARTS AT      LINE 100."
1053 PRINTTAB(5)"RUN MAY ALSO BE USED IN PROGRAM         MODE. STARTS AT FIRST";
1054 PRINT" LINE WITH         ALL VARIABLES CLEARED."
1057 PRINTTAB(8)K$
1058 GETA$:IF A$=""THEN1058
1059 GOTO95
1060 PRINTCHR$(147):PRINTTAB(17)"SAVE"
1061 PRINTTAB(5)"THE SAVE STATEMENT WRITES A COPY OF     THE CURRENT";
1062 PRINT" PROGRAM FROM MEMORY TO      EXTERNAL DEVICE (CASSETTE OR DISK)"
1063 PRINTTAB(5)"SAVE (& RETURN) WRITES TO TAPE          WITHOUT NAME"
1064 PRINTTAB(5)"SAVE ";CHR$(34);"DOG";CHR$(34);",1 SAVES 'DOG' ON TAPE"
1065 PRINTTAB(5)"SAVE ";CHR$(34);"DOG";CHR$(34);",8 SAVES PROGRAM";
1066 PRINT" 'DOG'        ON DISK."
1067 PRINTK$
1068 GET A$:IF A$=""THEN1068
1069 GOTO95
1070 PRINTCHR$(147):PRINTTAB(16)"VERIFY"
1071 PRINTTAB(5)"COMPARES PROGRAM IN MEMORY WITH         PROG. ON DISK OR TAPE."
1072 PRINTTAB(5)"VERIFY VERIFIES NEXT PROGRAM            FOUND ON TAPE."
1073 PRINTTAB(5)"VERIFY ";CHR$(34);"DOG";CHR$(34);"  VERIFIES PROG. 'DOG'";
1074 PRINT"      ON TAPE."
1075 PRINTTAB(5)"VERIFY";CHR$(34);"CAT";CHR$(34);",8 VERIFIES PROG. 'CAT'"
1076 PRINTTAB(5)"ON DISK."
1077 PRINTTAB(8)K$
1078 GET A$:IFA$=""THEN1078
1079 GOTO95
2010 PRINTCHR$(147):PRINTTAB(18)"END"
2011 PRINTTAB(3)"ENDS EXECUTION OF CURRENT PROGRAM."
2012 PRINTTAB(3)"END & STOP STATEMENTS HALT PROGRAM      EXECUTION. YOU CAN";
2013 PRINTTAB(3)" CONTINUE BY TYPING ";
2014 PRINTTAB(3)"CONT. YOU DO NOT HAVE TO USE END OR     STOP STATEMENTS, BUT";
2015 PRINT" THESE STATEMENTS   MAKE PROGRAMS EASIER TO USE."
2016 PRINTTAB(3)"END FINISHES A PROGRAM EXECUTION AND    DISPLAYS THE READY";
2017 PRINT" MESSAGE AND GIVES    CONTROL BACK TO THE OPERATOR.":PRINTTAB(8)K$
2018 GET A$:IFA$=""THEN2018
2019 GOTO200
2020 PRINT"[147]":PRINTTAB(15)"FOR.NEXT[157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157]WILL REPEAT  THE";
2021 PRINT" STATEMENTS BETWEEN     THE FOR AND NEXT AS LONG AS VARIABLE"
2022 PRINTTAB(3)"IS LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO END COSTANT.   THIS STATEMENT LETS";
2023 PRINT" YOU USE A VARI-     ABLE AS A COUNTER. YOU MUST SPECIFY     THE ";
2024 PRINT"NAME OF THE VARIABLE, THE START-    ING VALUE, THE END VALUE AND STEP."
2025 PRINTTAB(3)"IF STEP IS OMITTED A STEP OF 1 IS       ASSUMED.EXAMPLE"
2026 PRINTTAB(10)"10 FOR A=1 TO 10[157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157]20 NEXT A"
2027 PRINTTAB(8)K$
2028 GET A$:IFA$=""THEN2028
2029 GOTO200
2030 PRINT"[147]":PRINTTAB(12)"GOSUB...RETURN"
2031 PRINTTAB(3)"TRANSFERS EXECUTION TO THE LINE INDI-   CATED AFTER GOSUB.";
2032 PRINT" UPON REACHING A      RETURN STATMENT IT TRANSFERS BACK TO    NEXT";
2033 PRINT" LINE AFTER THE GOSUB STATEMENT."
2034 PRINTTAB(3)"THE INDICATED LINE IS USUALY A SUB-     ROUTINE ENTRY POINT."
2035 PRINTTAB(3)"GOSUB IS SIMILAR TO GOTO, EXCEPT THAT   WHEN RETURN STATEMENT";
2036 PRINT" IS REACHED,       PROGRAM GOES BACK TO LINE AFTER GOSUB"
2037 PRINTTAB(8)K$
2038 GETA$:IFA$=""THEN2038
2039 GOTO200
2040 PRINT"[147]":PRINTTAB(15)"IF...THEN[157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157]ALLOWS BASIC";
2041 PRINT" PROGRAM TO EXECUTE LINES   OUT OF NUMERICAL ORDER."
2042 PRINTTAB(3)"IF AN EXPRESSION IS TRUE,THEN EXECUTE   STATEMENT(S)";
2043 PRINT" (OR GOTO LINE);OTHERWISE   EXECUTE NEXT LINE."
2044 PRINTTAB(3)"IF SPECIFIED CONDITION IS TRUE, THEN    THE STATEMENT(S)";
2045 PRINT" FOLLOWING 'THEN' ARE   EXECUTED. IF CONDITION IS FALSE, CON-";
2046 PRINTTAB(3)"   TROL PASSES TO THE NEXT LINE AND        STATEMENT(S)";
2047 PRINT"FOLLOWING 'THEN' ARE NOT    EXECUTED.":PRINTTAB(13)"10 IF A=1 THEN 50"
2048 PRINTTAB(8)K$
2049 GETA$:IFA$=""THEN2049
2050 GOTO200
2051 PRINT"[147]":PRINTTAB(18)"GOTO[157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157]CAN BE USED TO STOP A PROGRAM";
2052 PRINT" SUCH AS":PRINTTAB(15)"50 GOTO 50":PRINTTAB(3)"GOTO WILL";
2053 PRINT" UNCONDITIONALLY TRANSFER      EXECUTION TO LINE INDICATED."
2054 PRINTTAB(3)"IT ALLOWS A PROGRAM TO EXECUTE LINES    OUT OF NUMERICAL ORDER."
2055 PRINTTAB(10)"EXAMPLE: 100 GOTO 300
2057 [153][163]8)K$
2058 [161] A$:[139]A$[178]""[167]2058
2059 [137]200
2060 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]16)"ON..GOTO":[153][163]3)"CAUSES AN UNCONDITIONAL BRANCH";
2061 [153]" TO ONE   OF SEVERAL POINTS IN PROGRAM, DEPEND-   ING ON THE VALUE";
2062 [153]" OF A VARIABLE.":[153][163]3)"FOR EXAMPLE- IF VALUE IS 2, ON..GOTO";
2063 [153]"    WILL GOTO 2 ND LINE IN THE LIST."
2064 [153][163]3)"IF VALUE IF VARIABLE IS 0 OR > NUMBER   OF ITEMS IN LIST";
2065 [153]", THE PROGRAM IG-       NORES THE STATEMENT AND GOES TO NEXT"
2066 [153][163]3)"LINE."
2067 [153][163]8)K$
2068 [161] A$:[139]A$[178]""[167]2068
2069 [137] 200
2070 [153]"LOAD"::[153][163]16)"ON..GOSUB":[153][163]3)"THE ON..GOSUB STATEMENT ";
2071 [153]"HAS THE SAME    FORMAT AS ON..GOTO. DEPENDING ON THE    VALUE OF ";
2072 [153]"A VARIABLE THE PROGRAM         BRANCHES TO SUBROUTINE.":[153][163]8)"10 ";
2073 [153]"ON A GOSUB 100,200,300":[153][163]3)"IF A = 1 PROGRAM BRANCHES TO 100,";
2074 [153]"IF     A = 2 BRANCH TO 200 ETC."
2075 [153][163]3)"ON..GOSUB USUALLY IS EXECUTED IN        PROGRAM MODE, ";
2076 [153]"HOWEVER, IT CAN BE USED   IN IMMEDIATE MODE IF THERE ARE LINE     #'S";
2077 [153]" TO BRANCH TO IN PROGRAM.":[153]:[153][163]8)K$
2078 [161]A$:[139] A$[178]""[167]2078
2079 [137]200
2080 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]18)"STOP":[153][163]3)"THIS STATEMENT CAUSES PROGRAM TO "
2081 [153][163]3)"STOP EXECUTION AND RETURN CONTROL TO    BASIC."
2083 [153][163]3)"STOP IS A GOOD TOOL FOR DE-BUGGING      A PROGRAM. IT CAN ";
2084 [153]"BE USED TO RUN A      PORTION OF A PROGRAM TO TEST TO STOP."
2087 [153][163]8)K$
2088 [161] A$:[139]A$[178]""[167]2088
2089 [137]200
3010 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]19)"GETCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDTHIS STATEMENT RECEIVES";
3011 [153]" SINGLE CHAR-    ACTERS AS INPUT FROM THE KEYBOARD.":[153][163]2)"CAN";
3012 [153]" BE EXECUTED FROM PROGRAM MODE ONLY":[153][163]2)"WHEN GET IS EXECUTED";
3013 [153]" VARIABLE IS ASS-   IGNED '0'- 0R NULL IF A STRING. PREV.   VALUE IS";
3014 [153]" LOST. THEN 'GET' LOOKS AT      NEXT CHARACTER FROM KEYBOARD BUFFER ";
3015 [153]"    AND ASSIGNS IT TO THE VARIABLE. IF      BUFFER IS EMPTY VARIABLE";
3016 [153]" REMAINS '0'    OR NULL VALUE."
3017 [153][163]8)K$
3018 [161]A$:[139]A$[178]""[167]3018
3019 [137]300
3020 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]17)"INPUTCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDTHIS STATEMENT ALLOWS ";
3021 [153]"OPERATOR TO       FEED INFORMATION TO THE COMPUTER.":[153][163]3)"USING ";
3022 [153]"QUOTE MARKS AFTER INPUT ALLOWS    TEXT TO BE PRINTED BEFORE ? MARK."
3023 [153][163]3)"PROG. HALTS AND WAITS FOR ANSWER TO     BE TYPED IN AND-RETURN-";
3024 [153]" PRESSED.":[153][163]3)"TYPE IN AS MANY INPUTS AS NEEDED SEP-   ARATED BY";
3025 [153]" COMMAS.":[153][163]3)"IF TOO MUCH DATA IS PUT IN, '?EXTRA     IGNORED' ";
3026 [153]"WILL BE DISPLAYED. IF NOT      ENOUGH IS PUT IN '??' APPEARS."
3027 [153][163]8)K$
3028 [161]A$:[139]A$[178]""[167]3028
3029 [137]300
3030 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]19)"POSCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDTO USE THE TAB FUNCTION ON ";
3031 [153]"THE          PRINTER YOU WILL NEED THE POS INST-     RUCTION WHICH IS ";
3032 [153]"REPRESENTED BY         CHR$(16).":[153][163]3)"TO PRINT AN * AT TAB(10) ";
3033 [153]" USE":[153]"PRINT#1;CHR$(16);CHR$(49);CHR$(48);"[170][199](34);"*";[199](34)
3034 [153][163]3)"CHR$(49)=1 AND CHR$(48)=0"
3037 [153][163]8)K$
3038 [161] A$:[139]A$[178]""[167] 3038
3039 [137] 300
3040 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]17)"PRINTCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDTHE PRINT STATEMENT ";
3041 [153]"CAUSES DATA TO BE   DISPLAYED. THE FIRST DATA ITEM IS"
3042 [153][163]3)"DISPLAYED AT THE CURRENT CURSOR POSI-   TION.":[153][163]3)"IF THE ";
3043 [153]"ITEM IS FOLLOWED BY A COMMA,     THE NEXT ITEM IS PRINTED AT 1ST TAB "
3044 [153][163]3)"POS 11 & THE NEXT AT POS 21 ETC. A      SEMICOLON CAUSES ITEM TO BE
3045 PRINT"   PRINTED IN   FIRST AVAILABLE COLUMN.":PRINTTAB(3)"NO COMMA OR ";
3046 PRINT"SEMICOLON CAUSES A CAR-     RIAGE RETURN TO FOLLOW LAST ITEM."
3047 PRINTTAB(8)K$
3048 GETA$:IF A$=""THEN 3048
3049 GOTO 300
3050 PRINT"[147]":PRINTTAB(19)"SPC[157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157][157]AIDS IN FORMATTING ";
3051 PRINT"TO ALLOW PRINT       STATEMENTS TO PRINT MESSAGES IN DIFF-   ERENT POS";
3052 PRINT"ITIONS ON A LINE.":PRINTTAB(3)"SPC IS A SPACE OVER FUNCTION. AFTER     SPC";
3053 PRINT", IN PARENTHESES, INCLUDE THE NUM-   BER OF POSITIONS YOU WISH TO ";
3054 PRINTTAB(3)"SPACE      OVER.":PRINTTAB(12)"20 ? SPC(10)";CHR$(34)"TITLE";CHR$(34)
3055 PRINTTAB(3)"THE ABOVE WILL PRINT THE WORD TITLE     BEGINNING AT SPACE 10.
3057 [153][163]8)K$
3058 [161] A$:[139] A$[178]""[167]3058
3059 [137] 300
3060 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]19)"TABCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDTHIS FUNCTION CAN BE COM";
3061 [153]"PARED WITH      TAB ON A TYPEWRITER."
3062 [153][163]3)"BEGINNING WITH COLUMN 0 YOU CAN CALC-   ULATE THE COLUMN YOU ";
3063 [153]"WISH TO HAVE       PRINT STATEMENT BEGIN IT'S DISPLAY."
3064 [153][163]7)"30 PRINT TAB(10)";[199](34)[170]"NAME"[170][199](34)
3065 [153][163]3)"MOVES TO COLUMN 10 BEFORE PRINTING      'NAME'."
3067 [153][163]8)K$
3068 [161] A$:[139] A$[178]""[167] 3068
3069 [137] 300
4010 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]18)"ABSCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDABS(X)=X IF X IS POSITIVE OR 0."
4011 [153][163]3)"ABS(X)=-X IF X IS NEGATIVE."
4012 [153][163]3)"THE ABSOLUTE VALUE OF A NUMBER IS       RETURNED WHICH ";
4013 [153]"IS IT'S VALUE WITHOUT    A SIGN."
4014 [153][163]3)"THE ABSOLUTE VALUE OF A NEGATIVE NUM-   BER IS THAT NUMBER ";
4015 [153] "MULTIPLIED BY -1."
4016 [153][163]14)"20 X=ABS(B)CMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMD20 PRINT ABS(B*J)"
4017 [153][163]8)K$
4018 [161] A$:[139] A$[178]""[167] 4018
4019 [137] 400
4020 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]18)"ATN":[153][163]3)"ATN(X) RETURNS THE ARCTANGENT OF X."
4021 [153][163]3)"THE ARCTANGENT OF X IS THE ANGLE        WHOSE TANGENT EQUALS X.";
4022 [153]" THE ANGLE IS    RETURNED IN RADIANS.":[153][163]3)"TO COMPUTE ";
4023 [153]"THE ARCTANGENTS EXPRESSED    IN DEGRESS, USE THIS FUNCTION."
4024 [153][163]10)"180*ATN(X)*(null)"
4027 [153][163]8)K$
4028 [161] A$:[139]A$[178]""[167]4028
4029 [137] 400
4030 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]18)"COS"
4031 [153][163]3)"COS(X) CALCULATES THE COSINE OF X       WHERE THE NUMBER X ";
4032 [153]"IS THE ANGLE IN      RADIANS."
4033 [153][163]8)"10 PRINT COS(X*(null)/180)"
4034 [153][163]5)"(WHERE X IS STATED IN DEGREES)"
4037 [153][163]8)""K$
4038 [161] A$:[139]A$[178]""[167]4038
4039 [137] 400
4040 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]17)"DEF FN"
4041 [153][163]3)"SETS UP A USER DEFINED FUNCTION THAT    CAN BE USED ";
4042 [153]"LATER IN THE PROGRAM.":[153][163]3)"THE FUNCTION CAN BE A ";
4043 [153]"MATHEMATICAL      FORMULA THAT IS USED SEVERAL TIMES IN   A ";
4044 [153]"PROGRAM. ":[153][163]3)"THE FORMULA IS STATED ONCE AND THEN     USED ";
4045 [153]"AS A FUNCTION NAME.":[153][163]12)"10 DEF FN A(X)=X+7"
4046 [153][163]12)"20 PRINT FN(4)":[153][163]8)"(RESULTS IN 11 WHEN RUN)"
4047 [153][163]8)""K$
4048 [161]A$:[139] A$[178]""[167]4048
4049 [137] 400
4050 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]18)"EXP"
4051 [153][163]3)"EXP(X) CALCULATES THE VALUE OF THE      CONSTANT ";
4052 [153] "E=2.718289 TO THE X POWER"
4053 [153][163]12)"10 PRINT EXP(1)
4054 PRINTTAB(10)"(RETURNS 2.718289)
4055 [153][163]3)"A VALUE GREATER THAN 88.0296919         CAUSES AN OVERFLOW";
4057 [153][163]8)K$
4058 [161] A$:[139]A$[178]""[167]4058
4059 [137] 400
4060 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]18)"INT":[153][163]3)"RETURNS THE INTEGER PORTION OF A NUM-"
4061 [153][163]3)"ONBER. IT WILL ROUND TO THE NEXT LOWER    NUMBER."
4062 [153][163]3)"FOR POSITIVE NUMBERS, INT DROPS THE     FRACTIONAL PORTION ";
4063 [153]"OF THE NUMBER        WITHOUT ROUNDING.":[153][163]3)"FOR NEGATIVE ";
4064 [153]"NUMBERS, INT DROPS THE     FRACTIONAL PORTION OF THE NUMBER AND ";
4065 [153]"   ADDS 1."
4067 [153][163]8)K$
4068 [161]A$:[139]A$[178]""[167] 4068
4069 [137] 400
4070 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]18)"LOG"
4071 [153][163]3)"LOG(X) RETURNS THE NATURAL LOG TO THE   BASE E. THE VALUE ";
4072 [153]"OF E=2.71828183"
4073 [153][163]3)"IF X=0 THEN AN ILLEGAL QUATITY ERROR    MESSAGE IS DISPLAYED."
4077 [153][163]8)K$
4078 [161] A$:[139] A$[178]""[167]4078
4079 [137] 400
4080 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]18)"RND":[153][163]3)"RND(X) GENERATES AND RETURNS ";
4081 [153]"RANDOM     NUMBER 0.000000000 TO .999999999        (EQUAL TO OR > 0";
4082 [153]" AND <1.)":[153][163]3)"INT(RND(1)*(N)+1) GENERATES WHOLE"
4083 [153][163]3)"NUMBERS BETWEEN 1 AND N. ";
4084 [153]"N IS UPPER     LIMIT OF THE DESIRED NUMBERS."
4087 [153][163]8)K$
4088 [161]A$:[139] A$[178]""[167]4088
4089 [137]400
4090 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]18)"SGN":[153][163]3)"DETERMINES WHETHER A NUMBER ";
4091 [153]"IS POSI-    TIVE, NEGATIVE, OR ZERO."
4092 [153][163]3)"SGN(X) FUNCTION RETURNS (null)1 IF A NUM-    BER IS POSITIVE ";
4093 [153]"OR NOT ZERO, 0 IF THE   NUMBER IS 0, OR -1 IF THE NUMBER IS "
4094 [153][163]3)"NEGATIVE."
4097 [153][163]8)K$
4098 [161] A$:[139]A$[178]""[167]4098
4099 [137] 400
4100 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]18)"SIN":[153][163]3)"SIN(X) RETURNS THE SINE OF THE ";
4101 [153]"ANGLE    X WHICH IS EXPRESSED IN RADIANS."
4102 [153][163]12)"PRINT SIN(90*(null)/180)"
4103 [153][163]6)"(DISPLAYS SINE OF 90 DEGREES.)
4107 PRINTTAB(8)K$
4108 GETA$:IFA$=""THEN4108
4109 GOTO 400
4110 PRINT"[147]":PRINTTAB(18)"SQR":PRINTTAB(3)"SQR(X) RETURNS THE SQUARE ";
4111 PRINT"ROOT OF X     WHERE X IS A POSITIVE NUMBER."
4112 PRINTTAB(3)"IF X=NEGATIVE NUMBER AN ERROR MESSAGE   IS RETURNED."
4113 PRINTTAB(14)"10 B=SQR(9)":PRINTTAB(14)"20 PRINT B"
4114 PRINTTAB(7)"(RESULTS IN DISPLAY OF 3)
4117 [153][163]8)K$
4118 [161]A$:[139]A$[178]""[167]4118
4119 [137]400
4120 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]18)"TAN"
4121 [153][163]3)"TAN(X) RETURNS THE TANGENT OF THE       ANGLE X WHICH ";
4122 [153]"IS EXPRESSED IN           RADIANS."
4123 [153][163]12)"10 C=TAN(45*(null)/180)"
4124 [153][163]12)"20 PRINT C"
4125 [153][163]4)"(RETURNS TANGENT OF 45 DEGREE ANGLE)"
4127 [153][163]8)K$
4128 [161] A$:[139] A$[178]""[167]4128
4129 [137] 400
4130 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]14)"TI -(TIME)"
4131 [153][163]3)"RETURNS NUMBER OF JIFFIES SINCE THE     CURRENT START UP";
4132 [153]" OR RESET.":[153][163]3)"TI$ IS THE TIME OF DAY STRING."
4133 [153][163]13)"TI$="[199](34)[170]"000000"[170][199](34)
4137 [153][163]8)K$
4138 [161]A$:[139]A$[178]""[167]4138
4139 [137] 400
4140 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]18)"VAL":[153][163]3)"VAL(X$) RETURNS THE NUMERICAL ";
4141 [153]"EQUIV-    ALENT OF THE STRING X$."
4142 [153][163]3)"THE NUMBER MAY BE USED IN ARITHMETIC    CALCULATIONS."
4143 [153][163]3)"VAL FIRST DISCARDS ANY LEADING          BLANKS. IF THE ";
4144 [153]"FIRST NON BLANK CHAR-    ACTER IS NOT A DIGIT, VAL RETURNS A     0."
4145 [153][163]3)"IF FIRST NON BLANK IS A DIGIT, VAL      CONVERTS ";
4146 [153]"THE STRING INTO REAL NUM-      BERS."
4147 [153][163]8)K$
4148 [161]A$:[139]A$[178]""[167]4148
4149 [137] 400
5010 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]16)"CLOSE":[153][163]3)"AFTER FILE ACCESS HAS BEEN ";
5011 [153]"COMPLETED,   CLOSE STATEMENT SHUTS OFF THE DATA      FILE."
5012 [153][163]3)"AN OPEN CHANNEL TO DEVICE (D-DR/PRTR)   SHOULD BE CLOSED ";
5013 [153]"WHEN ACCESS IS COMP-   LETED.":[153][163]3)"THE FILE NUMBER CLOSED ";
5014 [153]"SHOULD BE THE    SAME AS NUMBER OPENED.":[153][163]12)"10 PRINT#4:";
5015 [153]"CLOSE4":[153][163]4)"(THIS CLOSES CHANNEL TO PRINTER)"
5017 [153][163]8)K$
5018 [161]A$:[139]A$[178]""[167]5018
5019 [137]500
5020 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]18)"CMD":[153][163]3)"THIS STATEMENT CONVERTS PRIMARY DEV-"
5021 [153][163]3)"ICE FROM MONITOR TO DEVICE SPECIFIED."
5022 [153][163]3)"THE FILE NUMBER MUST BE SPECIFIED IN    AN OPEN STATEMENT."
5023 [153][163]3)"WHEN CMD IS IN EFFECT, PRINT STATE-     MENTS AND LIST COMMAND ";
5024 [153]"WILL NOT DIS-    PLAY ON THE SCREEN.":[153][163]3)"CMD CAN BE ";
5025 [153]"USED IN DIRECT PROGRAM       MODE.":[153][163]11)"OPEN4,4:CMD4:LIST"
5026 [153][163]3)"(PRINTS PROGRAM LISTING ON PRINTER)"
5027 [153][163]8)"ON"K$
5028 [161]A$:[139] A$[178]""[167]5028
5029 [137] 500
5030 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]18)"GET#":[153][163]3)"THIS STATEMENT 'GETS' A SINGLE";
5031 [153]" CHAR-    ACTER FROM AN EXTERNAL STORAGE DEV-     ICE. THIS CHARACTER ";
5032 [153]"IS ASSIGNED TO      VARIABLE.":[153][163]3)"THE FILE NUMBER USED TO";
5033 [153]" IDENTIFY THE    EXTERNAL DEVICE MUST HAVE B";
5034 [153]"EEN PROP-    ERLY OPENED WITH AN OPEN STATEMENT."
5035 [153][163]10)"20 OPEN 1,3:GET#1,A$"
5036 [153][163]3)"GET# MUST BE USED IN PROGRAM MODE       ONLY."
5037 [153][163]8)K$
5038 [161]A$:[139]A$[178]""[167]5038
5039 [137]500
5040 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]16)"INPUT#":[153][163]3)"THIS STATEMENT INPUTS DATA FROM AN"
5041 [153][163]3)"EXTERNAL DEVICE AND ASSIGNS DATA        TO VARIABLES."
5042 [153][163]3)"INPUT AND INPUT# WORK IDENTICALLY       EXCEPT INPUT# RECEIVES ";
5043 [153]"ITS INPUT FROM   A FILE."
5044 [153][163]3)"INPUT# MUST BE USED IN PROGRAM MODE     ONLY."
5047 [153][163]8)K$
5048 [161]A$:[139] A$[178]""[167]5048
5049 [137]500
5050 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]18)"OPEN":[153][163]3)"THIS STATEMENT OPENS A FILE AND MAKES"
5051 [153][163]3)"ONTHE ASSIGNED DEVICE READY TO GIVE OR    RECEIVE ";
5052 [153]"DATA.":[153][163]3)"OPEN WITH NO DEVICE NO. SELECTS TAPE    UNIT."
5053 [153][163]2)"OPEN [FILE],[DEV.],[SEC ADD],["[199](34)[170]"NAME"[199](34)[170]"]"
5054 [153][163]3)"SECONDARY ADD= 0 INDICATES READ ONLY":[153][163]16)"= 1 INDICATES";
5055 [153]" OPENED TO                     WRITE":[153][163]16)"= 2 INDICATES WRITE WITH"
5056 [153][163]20)"ONEND OF TAPE MARK."
5057 [153][163]8)K$
5058 [161] A$:[139]A$[178]""[167]5058
5059 [137]500
5060 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]16)"PRINT#":[153][163]3)"THE PRINT EXTERNAL STATEMENT OUTPUTS"
5061 [153][163]3)"ONE OR MORE DATA ITEMS TO AN EXTERNAL"
5062 [153][163]3)"ONDEVICE, SUCH AS THE DISK DRIVE OR       PRINTER."
5063 [153][163]3)"THE OUTPUT GOES TO THE DEVICE NUMBER    USED IN THE OPEN ";
5064 [153]"STATEMENT."
5067 [153][163]8)K$
5068 [161]A$:[139]A$[178]""[167]5068
5069 [137]500
5070 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]16)"STATUS":[153][163]3)"THIS VARIABLE INDICATES THE STATUS"
5071 [153][163]3)"OF THE EXTERNAL DEVICES CONNECTED TO    YOUR 64."
5072 [153][163]3)"ST VALUE OF 64 INDICATES END OF FILE    FOR TAPE AND DISK DRIVE."
5073 [153][163]3)"ST VALUE OF -128 MEANS END OF TAPE      ENCOUNTERED OR DISK";
5074 [153]" DRIVE NOT PRESENT":[153][163]3)"STATUS IS THE SYSTEM DEFINED ";
5075 [153]"VARIABLE   INTO WHICH THE KERNAL PUTS STATUS OF    I/O OPERATIONS.";
5076 [153]" SEE PROG. REF. GUIDE    FOR TABLE OF STATUS CODES."
5077 [153][163]8)K$
5078 [161]A$:[139]A$[178]""[167]5078
5079 [137]500
6010 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]18)"CLR":[153][163]3)"THIS STATEMENT ERASES FROM ";
6011 [153]"MEMORY ALL   VARIABLES, ARRAYS, GOSUB ADDRESSES,     FOR...NEXT LOOPS,";
6012 [153]" USER DEFINED FUNCT-   IONS ";
6013 [153]"AND FILES.":[153][163]3)"ANY BASIC PROGRAM IN MEMORY IS NOT     ";
6014 [153]" AFFECTED.":[153][163]3)"THIS STATEMENT WILL ALSO UNDIMENSION ";
6015 [153]"   ALL ARRAYS. ARRAY SPACE IN MEMORY IS    RELEASED."
6017 [153][163]8)K$
6018 [161]A$:[139]A$[178]""[167]6018
6019 [137]600
6020 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]17)"DATA":[153][163]3)"THIS STATEMENT DECLARES CONSTANTS"
6021 [153]"   THAT ARE ASSIGNED TO VARIABLES BY A     READ STATEMENT."
6022 [153][163]3)"DATA STATEMENTS MAY BE PLACED ANY-      WHERE IN A PROGRAM";
6023 [153]" AND MAY CONTAIN      EITHER NUMERIC OR STRING CONSTANTS."
6024 [153][163]3)"BLANKS, COMMAS, COLONS, & GRAPHIC       CHARACTERS ARE ";
6025 [153]"IGNORED UNLESS THE       STRING IS ENCLOSED IN QUOTES."
6027 [153][163]8)K$
6028 [161]A$:[139]A$[178]""[167]6028
6029 [137]600
6030 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]18)"DIM":[153][163]3)"THE DIMENSION STATEMENT ALLOCATES"
6031 [153][163]3)"SPACE IN MEMORY FOR ARRAY VARIABLES.    ARRAYS WITH MORE ";
6032 [153]"THAN 11 ELEMENTS       MUST BE DIMENSIONED IN A DIM STATE-     MENT."
6033 [153][163]6)"10 DIM A(15),A$(30),CD%(5,5)"
6034 [153][163]3)"THE LOWEST ELEMENT IN AN ARRAY IS       ZERO. DIM A(5) ";
6035 [153]"DIMENSIONS VARIABLE      WITH 6 ELEMENTS.(ZERO IS 1 ELEM.)
6037 PRINTTAB(8)K$
6038 GETA$:IFA$=""THEN6038
6039 GOTO600
6040 PRINT"[147]":PRINTTAB(18)"FRE":PRINTTAB(3)"THIS FUNCTION TELLS YOU HOW MUCH RAM"
6041 PRINT"   IS AVAILABLE FOR A PROGRAM. IF A        PROGRAM USES MORE SPACE ";
6042 PRINT"THAN AVAIL-     ABLE, 'OUT OF MEMORY' ERROR WILL        APPEAR."
6043 PRINTTAB(3)"THIS FUNCTION IS NORMALLY USED IN AN    IMMEDIATE MODE ";
6044 PRINT"STATEMENT.":PRINTTAB(9)"? FRE(0)-(FRE(0)<0)*65536"
6045 PRINTTAB(3)"(THE ABOVE TELLS YOU THE CURRENT        AVAILABLE RAM)"
6047 PRINTTAB(8)K$
6048 GETA$:IFA$=""THEN6048
6049 GOTO600
6050 PRINT"[147]":PRINTTAB(18)"LET":PRINTTAB(3)"THIS STATEMENT IS USED TO ASSIGN A"
6051 PRINTTAB(3)"NUMBER TO A VARIABLE.":PRINTTAB(3)"THE WORD LET IS OPTIONAL ";
6052 PRINT"AND IS":PRINTTAB(3)"SELDOM USED AS IT USES MEMORY UNNEC-    ESSARILY."
6053 PRINTTAB(12)"10 LET X=16":PRINTTAB(15)"OR":PRINTTAB(12)"10 X=16"
6057 PRINTTAB(8)K$
6058 GETA$:IFA$=""THEN6058
6059 GOTO600
6060 PRINT"[147]":PRINTTAB(17)"READ":PRINTTAB(3)"THIS STATEMENT CAUSES NAMES FROM ";
6061 PRINT"CON-   STANTS IN DATA STATEMENTS TO BE ASS-    IGNED TO VARIABLES."
6062 PRINTTAB(3)"WHEN READ IS LOOKING FOR A NUMBER AND   A STRING IS READ";
6063 PRINT" INSTEAD OF A NUMBER,   A TYPE MISMATCH ERROR APPEARS."
6064 PRINTTAB(3)"THERE CAN BE MORE DATA ITEMS THAN       READ STATEMENTS,";
6065 PRINT" BUT TOO FEW ITEMS      WILL RESULT IN -'?OUT OF DATA ERROR.'"
6067 PRINTTAB(8)K$
6068 GETA$:IFA$=""THEN6068
6069 GOTO600
6070 PRINT"[147]":PRINTTAB(17)"RESTORE":PRINTTAB(3)"THIS STATEMENT RESETS THE POINTER TO"
6071 PRINTTAB(3)"THE DATA CONSTANT TO BE READ.":PRINTTAB(3)"WHEN USED IN A PROGRAM ";
6072 PRINT"IT ALLOWS THE    DATA STATEMENTS TO BE RE-READ."
6073 PRINTTAB(3)"RESTORE IS USED BY ITSELF IN A LINE     IN IMMEDIATE OR ";
6074 PRINT"PROGRAM MODE.":PRINTTAB(15)"110 RESTORE"
6077 PRINTTAB(8)K$
6078 GETA$:IFA$=""THEN6078
6079 GOTO 600
7010 PRINT"[147]":PRINTTAB(16)"ASC":PRINTTAB(3)"THIS NUMERIC FUNCTION WILL RETURN"
7011 PRINTTAB(3)"A NUMBER WHICH CORRESPONDS TO ";
7012 PRINTTAB(3)"COMMOD-   ORE ASCII VALUE OF THE FIRST CHAR-      ACTER ";
7013 PRINT"IN A STRING.":PRINTTAB(3)"EXAMPLE: 20 PRINT ASC("CHR$(34);"Z"CHR$(34);")"
7014 PRINTTAB(12)"30 ? ASC("CHR$(34);"DOLL"CHR$(34);")":PRINTTAB(12)"40 A=ASC(A$)
7015 [153][163]3)"PRINT ASC("[199](34);"A"[199](34);") CLOSE(RETURNS 65)"
7017 [153][163]8)K$
7018 [161]A$:[139]A$[178]""[167]7018
7019 [137]700
7020 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]16)"CHR$":[153][163]3)"RETURNS THE STRING REPRESENT";
7021 [153]"ATION       OF ASCII CODE."
7022 [153]"   USE CHR$(NNN) (WHERE NNN IS ASCII NO.   FROM 0 TO 255)"
7023 [153][163]6)"10 PRINT CHR$(34);"[199](34);"BABY"[199](34);"CHR$(34)"
7024 [153]"       (RETURNS "[199](34);"BABY"[199](34);")"
7025 [153]"   WHEN IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO USE A KEY AS   'RETURN' USE:"
7026 [153]"   100 GET A$:IFA$=CHR$(13) GOTO 200"
7027 [153][163]8)K$
7028 [161] A$:[139]A$[178]""[167]7028
7029 [137]700
7030 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]16)"LEFT$":[153][163]3)"RETURNS LEFTMOST CHARACTER(S)";
7031 [153]" OF A      STRING."
7032 [153]"   B$=LEFT$(A$,2) RETURNS THE LEFTMOST 2   CHARACTERS OF STRING A$."
7033 [153]"   PRINT LEFT$("[199](34);"RUBBER"[199](34);",3)  PRINTS 'RUB'"
7034 [153][163]10)"10 A$=LEFT$("[199](34);"COMMODORE"[199](34);",5)"
7035 [153][163]10)"20 PRINT A$CMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMDCMD(RETURNS 'COMMO' WHEN RUN)
7037 PRINTTAB(8)K$
7038 GETA$:IFA$=""THEN7038
7039 GOTO700
7040 PRINT"[147]":PRINTTAB(16)"LEN":PRINTTAB(3)"RETURNS THE LENGTH OF A STRING."
7041 PRINTTAB(3)"PRINT LEN("CHR$(34);"APPLE"CHR$(34);") DISPLAYS 5"
7042 PRINTTAB(3)"A=LEN("CHR$(34);"CAT"CHR$(34);"+"CHR$(34);"DOG"CHR$(34);
7043 PRINT"):PRINT A":PRINTTAB(9)"(RETURNS 6)
7047 [153][163]8)K$
7048 [161] A$:[139]A$[178]""[167]7048
7049 [137]700
7050 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]16)"MID$":[153][163]3)"RETURNS A SPECIFIED PORTION OF A"
7051 [153]"   STRING.":[153][163]3)"MID$("[199](34);"COMMODORE"[199](34);",3,2)";
7052 [153]"  (RETURNS 'MM')
7053 PRINTTAB(3)"MID$("CHR$(34);"COMMODORE"CHR$(34);",7)";
7054 PRINT"  (RETURNS 'ORE')
7057 [153][163]8)K$
7058 [161]A$:[139]A$[178]""[167]7058
7059 [137]700
7060 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]16)"RIGHT$":[153][163]3)"RETURNS THE RIGHTMOST CHARACTERS IN"
7061 [153]"   A STRING.":[153][163]3)"RIGHT$("[199](34);"BASIC"[199](34);",3)";
7062 [153]"  (RETURNS 'SIC')
7063 PRINTTAB(7)"10 WRD$="CHR$(34);"COMMODORE CLUB"CHR$(34)
7064 PRINTTAB(7)"20 PRINT RIGHT$(WRD$,4)":PRINTTAB(14)"
7065 [153][163]7)"(RETURNS 'CLUB' WHEN RUN)
7067 PRINTTAB(8)K$
7068 GET A$:IFA$=""THEN7068
7069 GOTO700
7070 PRINT"[147]":PRINTTAB(16)"STR$":PRINTTAB(3)"RETURNS THE STRING REPRESENTATION"
7071 PRINT"   OF THE NUMERIC ARGUMENT.":PRINTTAB(3)"EXAMPLE:  10 AB=45.3:";
7072 PRINT"A$=STR$(AB)":PRINTTAB(13)"20 PRINT AB,A$
7073 [153][163]13)"(RETURNS 45.3      45.3)"
7074 [153][163]3)"ANY NUMBER CONVERTED TO STRING VALUE    THE NUMBER SHOWN ";
7075 [153]"WILL BE PRECEDED AND   FOLLOWED BY A SPACE."
7077 [153][163]8)K$
7078 [161]A$:[139]A$[178]""[167]7078
7079 [137]700
7080 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]16)"TIME$":[153][163]3)"THE TI$ TIMER WORKS LIKE A CLOCK"
7081 [153]"   AFTER IT IS SET AND AS LONG AS THE      COMPUTER IS TURNED ON."
7082 [153]"   THE FORMAT FOR SETTING THE CLOCK IS     TI$="[199](34);"HHMMSS";
7083 [153][199](34);" WHERE HH IS HOUR BETWEEN   0 AND 23, MM IS THE MINUTES";
7084 [153]" BETWEEN 0   AND 59, SS IS THE SECONDS BETWEEN 0     AND 59."
7085 [153][163]3)"TIME CAN BE SET TO ANY STARTING POINT   AS A STOP WATCH."
7087 [153][163]8)K$
7088 [161]A$:[139]A$[178]""[167]7088
7089 [137]700
8010 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]16)"PEEK":[153][163]3)"THIS STATEMENT ALLOWS YOU TO"[199](34);
8011 [153]" PEEK"[199](34);"     INTO ANY OF THE 65536 MEMORY LOCA-      TIONS";
8012 [153]" TO SEE WHAT IS STORED IN ANY    OF THESE LOCATIONS."
8013 [153][163]3)"THE NUMBER STORED IN ANY MEMORY LOC-    ATION MAY BE ";
8014 [153]"ASSIGNED TO A VARIABLE."
8017 [153][163]8)K$
8018 [161]A$:[139]A$[178]""[167]8018
8019 [137]800
8020 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]16)"POKE":[153][163]3)"THIS STATEMENT WRITES DATA INTO A"
8021 [153]"   MEMORY LOCATION. POKE 53280,A WRITES    THE VALUE OF A INTO ";
8022 [153]"MEMORY LOCATION     53280. THE VALUE OF A CAN BE ANY "
8023 [153]"   EXPRESSION WHICH CAN BE REDUCED TO AN   INTEGER VALUE OF 0 TO 255. ";
8024 [153]"IF A IS A    FLOATING POINT VARIABLE, IT IS AUTO-    MATICALLY ";
8025 [153]"CONVERTED TO AN INTEGER."
8026 [153][163]3)"YOU CAN POKE ONLY INTO READ/WRITE       MEMORY."
8027 [153][163]8)K$
8028 [161]A$:[139]A$[178]""[167]8028
8029 [137]800
8030 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]16)"SYS":[153][163]3)"TO TRANSFER CONTROL TO MACHINE ";
8031 [153]"LANG-    UAGE USE SYS(STARTING ADDRESS) WHERE    STARTING ADDRESS ";
8032 [153]"MUST BE 0 TO 65535.":[153][163]3)"SYS CAN BE USED IN DIRECT OR PROGRAM"
8033 [153]"   MODE. WHEN SYS IS USED, ML SECTION      MUST BE ENDED WITH RTS ";
8034 [153]"INSTRUCTION SO   BASIC EXECUTION WILL RESUME WITH        STATEMENT";
8035 [153]" FOLLOWING SYS COMMAND."
8037 [153][163]8)K$
8038 [161]A$:[139]A$[178]""[167]8038
8039 [137]800
8040 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]16)"USR":[153][163]3)"MEMORY LOC. 785-786 ARE POKED TO SET"
8041 [153]"   UP STARTING ADDRESS FOR A MACHINE       LANGUAGE SUB ROUTINE."
8042 [153]"   THE USR(NUM.ARG.) FUNCTION JUMPS TO     ML SUBROUTINE AND THE ";
8043 [153]"VALUE OF THE      ARGUMENT IS STORED IN THE FLOATING PT   ACCUMULATOR";
8044 [153]" STARTING AT LOCATION 97     TO BE ACCESSED BY THE ASSEMBLER CODE."
8045 [153]"   THE RESULT OF THE USR FUNCTION IS THE   VALUE THAT ENDS UP IN ";
8046 [153]"LOCATION 97       WHEN SUBROUTINE RETURNS TO BASIC."
8047 [153][163]8)K$
8048 [161]A$:[139]A$[178]""[167]8048
8049 [137]800
9010 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]18)"REM":[153][163]3)"REM STATEMENTS HELP TO EXPLAIN PROG-"
9011 [153]"   RAMS WHEN LISTED. REM STATEMENTS AND    ALL THAT FOLLOW ON THAT ";
9012 [153]"LINE ARE IG-    NORED BY COMPUTER."
9013 [153]"   A GOTO OR GOSUB CAN SEND PROGRAM TO     REM STATEMENT AND ";
9014 [153]"EXECUTION WILL CON-   TINUE AT NEXT HIGHER PROGRAM LINE"
9015 [153]"   WITH STATEMENT THAT CAN BE EXECUTED."
9017 [153][163]8)K$
9018 [161]A$:[139]A$[178]""[167]9018
9019 [137]900
9020 [153]"LOAD":[153][163]18)"WAIT":[153][163]3)"THIS STATEMENT IS SELDOM USED. IT"
9021 [153]"   STOPS THE PROGRAM UNTIL A CERTAIN       MEMORY LOCATION'S BITS ";
9022 [153]"CHANGE IN A      SPECIFIC WAY.":[153][163]3)"WAIT IS USED ";
9023 [153]"FOR CERTAIN I/O OPER-      ATIONS AND ALMOST NOTHING ELSE."
9024 [153][163]3)"IT IS A TOOL TO BE USED BY EXPER-       IENCED PROGRAMMERS ONLY."
9027 [153][163]8)K$
9028 [161]A$:[139]A$[178]""[167]9028
9029 [137]900
10000 [128]